Objectives of the Millimetron Space Observatory science program and technical capabilities of its realization

Abstract We present the scientific program of Spectr-M project aimed at creation and operation Millimetron Space Observatory (MSO) planned for launch in late 2020s. The unique technical capabilities observatory will enable broadband observations astronomical objects from 50 μm to 10 mm wavelengths with a record sensitivity (up ∼ 0.1 μJy) single-dish mode an unprecedented high angular resolution (∼ μas) ground-space very long baseline interferometer (SVLBI) regime. addresses fundamental priority issues astrophysics physics general that can be solved only MSO capabilities: 1) study physical processes early Universe up redshifts z 2 × 6 through measuring μ -distortions cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum, investigation structure evolution < 15 by y CMB spectrum; 2) geometry space-time around supermassive black holes (SMBHs) center our Galaxy M87 imaging surrounding shadows, plasma properties shadow formation regions, search observational manifestations wormholes; 3) origin life — water biomarkers Galactic interstellar medium. Moreover, help solve related problems, including birth first galaxies SMBHs ( ≳ 10), alternative approaches Hubble constant, ‘dusty’ galactic nuclei, protoplanetary disks transport them, ‘ocean worlds’ Solar System.